Pragmaticalization defined as grammaticalization of. The term is thought to have originated with meillet w958, but rst. Yet, their ubiquity notwithstanding, it is quite unclear what sociologists mean by the words theory, theoretical, and theorize. Between the third and sixth centuries, present tense habwas cliticized in postverbal position, i. This was stated as early as in 1982 by christian lehmann, as is documented in the following quotation. The product of ten years of research,world lexicon of. From major theoretical issues to hardly addressed experimental questions, this volume explores new ways to expand, refine or even challenge current ideas on grammaticalization. A corpusbased study routledge advances in corpus linguistics london and new york. I have defined grammaticalization as the study of change. In the terminology of hopper 1991 it is called layering. The development of english each other grammaticalization. World lexicon of grammaticalization while the comparative method is concerned with regularities in phonological change, grammaticalization theory deals with regularities of grammatical change.
On the grammaticalization of some processes of word. In addition, most are not limited to grammaticalization but can be applied in the wider context of language change. Tracing the origins of legal terminology in asl by. The authors of this article isare permitted to use this pdf file to generate. Apr 19, 2019 the observations made in this paper take care of just a small segment of the issues that word formation is concerned with. A conceptual framework heine, bernd, claudi, ulrike, hunnemeyer, friederike on. Grammaticalization grammaticalization is a complex multifactorial type of language change which does not consists of a single process but of a set of interacting processes. Beyond grammaticalization and discourse markers new.
Sebastian hofmanns monograph is built around two themes. Grammaticalization 2011 shows, there is also very active work on sociolinguistics, contact, and areal phenomena, among other topics. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. Diachronic research is, at times, akin to archaeology. Pdf grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing. To account for the fact that it is not always the oldest manifestation of a grammaticalised item that is leaving the language system, haspelmath 2004. The grammaticalization of only and just by a thesis presented. It is the entire construction, and not simply the lexical meaning of. This volume challenges theories which describe language as a static system, as well as those which assume that linguistic categorization is based on discrete morpheme types, word classes, or sentence. The observations made in this paper take care of just a small segment of the issues that word formation is concerned with.
In addition, most are not limited to grammaticalization but can. One of these is the relationship between borrowing and grammaticalization in contact situations, especially those connected with pidgins and creoles. What qualifies a lexical expression for grammaticalization. Introduction modern greek is a language that figured in early discussions of grammaticalization, for among the examples that antoine meillet used in his 1912. Kuteva first introduces some of the basic tenets of grammaticalization theory by illustrating the motivated nature of the semantic link between auxiliaries and their lexical sources chapter 2. They discuss previous models and relate grammaticalization studies to alternative approaches such as localism and natural grammar theory. The product of ten years of research, world lexicon of grammaticalization provides the reader with the tools to show how different grammatical meanings can be related to one another in a principled way, how to deal with issues such as polysemy and heterosemy, or why certain linguistic forms have simultaneous lexical and grammatical functions. Grammaticalization, constructions and the incremental. A theory of grammaticalization ku scholarworks the university.
Gabriel abend northwestern university theory is one of the most important words in the lexicon of contemporary sociology. The grammaticalization of the uzbek say complementizer christopher a. Not least, wgs theory of morphology is embedded in a larger theory of grammar, which means that there is an architecture that enables us to model diachronic processes that take place through the language system. Since the 1980s theories and studies of grammaticalization have provided a major source of inspiration for the description and explanation of language change, giving rise to many publications and conferences.
Cognitive studies etudes cognitives sow publishing house. The researcher must piece together bits of evidence with the goal of creating a complete picture of the phenomenon under investigation. The final chapter tries to formulate the advances that may be made in language theory if grammaticalization is given its proper place in it. Grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing. The authors synthesize work from several areas of linguistics. Grammaticalization is a side evect of the maxim of extravagance. Theory and method in grammaticalization christian lehmann. Straughn university of chicago among the controversial aspects of grammaticalization, the notion of unilinear change is one which is rarely critically examined.
In an az format, this book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change ofgrammatical forms. One implication of these findings is that bilingual first language acquisition is a possible. The grammaticalization of only and just by a thesis. The goal of this project is to develop the theory and practice of fdg, as presented in kees hengeveld and j. Florian haas freie universitat berlin received 9 january 2006. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. Where functional linguists working within grammaticalization theory see the process as a chain, which is the result of conceptual manipulation cf. In an az format, this book summarizes the most salient generalizations that have been made on the unidirectional change of grammatical forms and constructions. From the point of view of change, forms do not shift abruptly from one category to another, but go through a series of small transitions, transitions. Lachlan mackenzies 2008 book functional discourse grammar. The last two chapters 21233 focus on those areas in the theory of grammaticalization that have end page 1007not yet received sufficient attention from linguists. Although these parameters of grammaticalization are often linked to the theory, linguists such as bybee et al.
Technically, grammaticalization involves four main interrelated mechanisms. Presenting a wealth of evidence from african languages, the authors argue that the development of grammatical categories is in fact strongly influenced by pragmatic and cognitive. Grammaticalization theory seeks to account for the development of grammatical constructions out of more. Our approach is, however, easily extendable to other case studies. Inevitably, such a treatment does not take into account the diachronic development of prepositions into new functions in syntax, semantics and discourse. The scope of grammaticalization theory is limited, it has little to contribute to many processes of word formation.
Desemantization of functional grammatical causatives. Cognitive studies etudes cognitives, 10 sow publishing house, warsaw 2010 bjorn hansen1 ana drobnjakovi2 1institut fur slavistik, universitat regensburg, regensburg 2katholieke universiteit leuven polish in the light of grammaticalization theory1 abstract. She then discusses the notion of specification, the addition of semantic content, as a mechanism of semantic change in grammaticalization. A proper theory of grammati calization can therefore benefit from incorporating an operational view of degrees of grammaticalization down to the level of individual language users. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization edited by heiko narrog and bernd heine oxford handbooks. Grammaticalization 27 w verb form of the verb habthat was free in other contexts to appear in a variety of positions, including before the non nite verb. By understanding how structure, such as constituent structure, emerges from cognitive representa.
However, grammaticalization cannot be defined exclusively in terms of morholosyntactic, phonological or inherentsemantic features, like e. Word grammar and the grammaticalization of new morphology. The goal remains the same, however, and the insights gained regarding the origins of words. In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc. This is a general introduction to grammaticalization, the change whereby lexical terms and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions, and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. A usagebased theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization kasper boye, peter harder language, volume 88, number 1, march 2012, pp. From the point of view of change, forms do not shift abruptly from one category to another, but go through a series of small transitions, transitions that tend to be similar in type across languages. The present study applies grammaticalization theory to the analysis of prepositions and subordinators across varieties of arabic.
This entry describes 1 the specific mechanisms of historical language change which underpin grammaticalization, 2 the major competing explanatory accounts of grammaticalization, 3 the pathways of change along which grammaticalization takes place, and 4 current issues and recent developments in grammaticalization research. Shows how grammaticalization relates to subfields such as sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Its primary goal is to describe how grammatical forms and constructions arise and develop through space and time, and to explain why they are structured the way they are. A usagebased theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization. We will begin the study by explaining the standard model of grammaticalization, grammaticalization paths and cognitive maps. Beyond grammaticalization and discourse markers offers a comprehensive account of the most promising new directions in the vast field of grammaticalization studies. Introduction in its broadest sense, grammaticalization, also known as grammaticization, is the process by which grammar is created cro 2006. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes. And the paper was restricted to one theoretical perspective, namely that of grammaticalization. The paper is concerned with grammaticalization, a type of lan. Grammaticalization is a theoretical process whereby openclass lexical words such as nouns and verbs transform, or grammaticalize, into closedclass more. Grammaticalization theory and data edited by sylvie. In historical linguistics and language change, grammaticalization is a process of language.
Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from. Grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing language evolution bernd heine and tania kuteva to appear in maggie tallerman and kathleen gibson eds. Dec 04, 2005 the last two chapters 21233 focus on those areas in the theory of grammaticalization that have end page 1007not yet received sufficient attention from linguists. The present study deals with the syntactic status of strings of the type.
We will begin the study by explaining the standard model of. Jan 26, 2019 basic to work on grammaticalization is the concept of a cline see halliday 1961 for an early use of this term. On the grammaticalization of some processes of word formation. Grammaticalization as optimization stanford university. In other words, research on grammaticalization more than any other phenomenon has led researchers to a usagebased approach to grammar. Beyond grammaticalization and discourse markers new issues. Researchers studying a signed language face a more daunting task, due to the relative dearth of available data.
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